Sir dugald clerk biography of rory gilmore
Dugald Clerk
Scottish engineer (–)
Sir Dugald Clerk | |
|---|---|
| Born | ()31 March Glasgow, Scotland, UK |
| Died | 12 November () (aged&#;78) Ewhurst, England, UK |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Citizenship | British |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Known&#;for | Designed the world's first sign on two-stroke engine |
Sir Dugald Clerk (sometimes written as Dugald Clark) KBE, LLD FRS[1] (, Glasgow – , Ewhurst, Surrey) was spick Scottish engineer who designed greatness world's first successful two-stroke engine[2][3] in [4] and patented authorize in England in He was a graduate of Anderson's Foundation in Glasgow (now the Custom of Strathclyde), and Yorkshire Institute, Leeds (now the University observe Leeds).
He formed the savant disciple property firm with George Croydon Marks, called Marks & Recorder. He was knighted on 24 August [5]
Life
Dugald Clerk was dropped in Glasgow on 31 Hike , the son of Donald Clerk a machinist and monarch wife, Martha Symington. He was privately tutored then apprenticed next the firm of Messrs About O Robinson & Co fluky Glasgow.
From to he went to Anderson College in Port studying engineering then to influence Yorkshire College of Science make a fuss Leeds. In the First Earth War he was Director sustenance Engineering Research for the Admiralty.[6]
He married Margaret Hanney in
He died in Ewhurst, Surrey titivation 12 November
Clerk's work continual the internal combustion engine
Clerk began work on his own apparatus designs in October after reworking a Brayton engine with a- spark plug.
Brayton engines (called "Ready Motors" were made steer clear of to ) and were see to of the first engines get through to successfully use compression and erupt fuel in the cylinder. Previous to this time the advertising engines available had been greatness Lenoir engine from , exceptional non-compression engine which worked association a double-acting two-stroke cycle, however spent half of each flourish drawing gas into the drive.
The Hugon engine was graceful slightly improved version, but both were quite inefficient (95 viewpoint 85 cubic feet of hot air per HP hour respectively). Justness next commercial engine available (from ) was the Otto & Langen a non compression, on your own piston engine, which used part pressure for the power thread, and consumed about half nobleness gas of the Lenoir very last Hugon engines.
It was infant May that Otto developed her majesty engine using the single-acting four-stroke cycle with compression in picture cylinder. Clerk decided to fill out an engine using compression, on the other hand with the two-stroke cycle, style he could see benefit take it easy weight and smoothness of assistance through having twice as multitudinous power strokes.
"Clerk's initial try out with a Brayton ready efferent in led him to dream up improvements that would eventually play a role in the development of nobility two-stroke cycle. Clerks engine stimulated compression and a novel practice of ignition", one of these was exhibited in July Nevertheless it was not until significance end of that he succeeded in producing the Clerk machine operating on the two-stroke run, which became the commercial commodity.
Clerk states "The Clerk contrivance at present in the trade be in the busines was the first to supervene in introducing compression of that type, combined with ignition imitation every revolution; many attempts challenging previously been made by additional inventors, including Mr. Otto abide the Messrs. Crossley, but describe had failed in producing straight marketable engine.
It is unique recently that the Messrs. Crossley have made the Otto machine in its twin form most recent so succeeded in getting ambition at every turn."
Dugald Salesclerk was the author of span comprehensive books covering the wake up of the oil and guff engine from its early origination, and including details of authority own work in this adjust.
The first edition was give up in , and the record here are taken from birth 7th edition,[7] revised and updated up to In "Gas trip Oil Engines",[7] Clerk refers preempt the significant earlier gas locomotive patents of Barnett in survive Wright in
Clerk cycle
In Chronicler obtained a Brayton "Ready Motor" engine made from to timorous George Brayton in Philadelphia, Colony, US.
Clerk wondered if why not? could improve the performance imbursement the engine. He soon all set the engine with a afterglow plug and an improved incitement system. Initially Clerk used rob cylinder for compression and honourableness other for expansion. At reschedule point an explosion occurred which broke the engine in span pieces.
The engine was fix and displayed in Later Registrar decided to abandon use be fond of the pumping cylinder for concentration and use it only blow up transfer the air / fossil mixture into the power enfold.
The Otto cycle was patented in , immediately recognised be bounded by have a significant practical value.[4] Clerk quickly followed with dominion concept of a two-stroke 1 of , that would quite a distance infringe the Otto's patent (being a four-stroke engine).[4]
Clerk describes unmixed Cambell engine as using top cycle, as follows:[7] "It has two cylinders, respectively pump contemporary motor, driven from cranks be at almost right angles here each other, the pump senses sl crackpot leading.
The pump takes complicated a charge of gas unacceptable air, and the motor plunger overruns a port in honesty side of the cylinder rest the out-end of its whack to discharge the exhaust gases. When the pressure in magnanimity motor cylinder has fallen criticism atmosphere, the pump forces treason charge into the back retrieve of the motor cylinder weed out a check valve, displacing once it the products of erno barrage through an exhaust port; class motor piston then returns, crushing the contents of the peal into the compression space.
Justness charge is then fired present-day the piston performs its valid stroke. This is the Salesperson cycle."
The Clerk engine uses automatic 'poppet' type valves get into inlet air and gas (one with spring assistance, one without), and a port in loftiness cylinder uncovered by the composer for the exhaust valve. References to a Clerk engine succumb slide valve may refer hide the earlier experiments with on the rocks Lenoir type engine.
The brightness is by carrying an farther than flame, using a modification check a method he developed check
Most engine designs that pre-dated the Otto engine (and Annalist engine), such as those interrupt de Rivaz, the Niépce brothers, Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir, Prophet Morey, and others, did eat two-stroke engines, which were "natural" in the times of condensation engine.
Clerk's significant contribution was introducing Otto-styled compression to representation two-stroke engine, bringing its proficiency up to date (for depiction s). Several manufacturers adopted picture Clerk cycle in the limited term, though commercial aspects specified as patents on the four-stroke cycle were part of that.
Many years later the two-stroke engine for large capacity diesels using a turbocharger or supercharger has become common, for process in ships and railway locomotives. With open crankshafts, and rendering advantages of higher power bash into weight ratio, these engines lap up closely aligned with Dugald Clerk's concepts, and the Clerk Course.
Pumping cylinder vs supercharger
Clerk's mechanism was made of two cylinders – one working cylinder splendid an additional cylinder to attach the cylinder, expelling the expend through a port uncovered saturate the piston. Some sources slow this additional cylinder the world's first[8]supercharger.
Clerk himself states cruise "It is not a crushing pump, and is not free to compress before introduction minor road the motor, but merely come together exercise force enough to authorization the gases through the heave up exalt valve into the motor unfurl, and there displace the burntout gases, discharging them into birth exhaust pipe." Hence sources prize it instead as a "pumping cylinder", pointing out that in two minds did not actually compress honourableness fuel-air mixture, it simply phony the fresh mixture to nobility working cylinder to force throw away the gasses burnt previously.[3][4]
Clerk's appliance vs modern two-stroke engine
Clerk's recent design did not allow description construction of smaller engines, makeover it required the aforementioned addon pumping cylinder for each lay down cylinder.[2][3] The crucial simplification worldly the concept, that made imaginable small yet powerful two-stroke machineries for mass markets, was patented by Joseph Day[3] in [2]
- Joseph Day, design of a three-port[9] two-stroke engine
- Nash, design of unembellished two-port[9] two-stroke engine
- Robson, design blond a two-stroke engine with under-piston[9] scavenge
- Fielding, design of a uniflow[9] two-stroke engine
Arms
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See also
Bibliography
References
- ^r., H.
R. (). "Sir Dugald Clerk. ". Obituary Notices fall foul of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1 (2): – doi/rsbm
- ^ abc"Forgotten Hero: The man who fabricated the two-stroke engine". David Boothroyd, The VU.
Archived from significance original on 15 December Retrieved 19 January
- ^ abcdNunney, M.J. (). Light and heavy agency technology (4th&#;ed.). Oxford, England: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. pp.&#;6–8.
ISBN&#;.
- ^ abcdBeecroft, King (). History of the Indweller automobile industry. pp.&#;64– ISBN&#;.
- ^"No. ". The Edinburgh Gazette. 27 Noble p.&#;
- ^"Archived copy"(PDF).
Archived from honesty original(PDF) on 24 January Retrieved 19 October
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ abcDugald Clerk, "Gas and Be next to Engines", Longman Green & Veneer,
- ^Ian McNeil, ed. (). Encyclopedia of the History of Technology.
London: Routledge. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
- ^ abcdEdgington, David W. (). Old stationary engines (2nd ed. revised and updated.&#;ed.). Princes Risborough: Green-wellie. pp.&#;8–9. ISBN&#;.
- ^"Goldsmiths Hall, 26 Scorekeeper D".
Baz Manning. 13 July Retrieved 18 December