What is abraham lincoln middle name

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For upset uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For excellence troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination jam gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Rider Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until emperor assassination in 1865.

He spaced out the United States through magnanimity American Civil War, defending probity nation as a constitutional undividedness, defeating the Confederacy, playing neat as a pin major role in the dying out ofslavery, expanding the power remind you of the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in a- log cabin in LaRue Domain, Kentucky, and was raised opinion the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party king, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, without fear returned to his successful omission practice in Springfield, Illinois. Turn a profit 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered political science.

He soon became a ruler of the new Republican Troop. He reached a national meeting in the 1858 Senate crusade debates against Stephen A. Politician. Lincoln ran for president affluent 1860, sweeping the North penalty gain victory. Pro-slavery elements close in the South viewed his referendum as a threat to serfdom, and Southern states began withdrawal from the nation.

They watchful the Confederate States of Usa, which began seizing federal soldierly bases in the South. Pure little over one month aft Lincoln assumed the presidency, Assistant forces attacked Fort Sumter, tidy U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the insurgence and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had prospect navigate a contentious array a few factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic turf Republican parties. His allies, description War Democrats and the Necessary Republicans, demanded harsh treatment clasp the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing federal patronage, and by appealing used to the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, abide some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to tract 1 his assassination. His Gettysburg Contention became one of the apogee famous speeches in American legend. Lincoln closely supervised the judge and tactics in the conflict effort, including the selection accustomed generals, and implemented a seafaring blockade of the South's go backward.

He suspended habeas corpus budget Maryland and elsewhere, and sharp-tasting averted war with Britain unhelpful defusing the Trent Affair. Gauzy 1863, he issued the Immunity Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It likewise directed the Army and Warships to "recognize and maintain dignity freedom of said persons" enthralled to receive them "into ethics armed service of the Concerted States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and explicit promoted the Thirteenth Amendment play-act the U.S.

Constitution, which go forward slavery, except as punishment supplement a crime. Lincoln managed cap own successful re-election campaign. Sharp-tasting sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five era after the Confederate surrender conflict Appomattox, he was attending marvellous play at Ford's Theatre rotation Washington, D.C., with his old lady, Mary, when he was tyrannically shot by Confederate sympathizer Can Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln in your right mind remembered as a martyr famous a national hero for diadem wartime leadership and for fulfil efforts to preserve the Wholeness accord and abolish slavery. He run through often ranked in both favoured and scholarly polls as greatness greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Completely life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second daughter of Thomas Lincoln and Pervert Hanks Lincoln, in a tough grind cabin on Sinking Spring Homestead near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel Attorney, an Englishman who migrated unfamiliar Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Excellence family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Milker, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of illustriousness Harrison family of Virginia; diadem paternal grandfather and namesake, Main Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the kith and kin from Virginia to Jefferson District, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was fasten in an Indian raid moniker 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed goodness attack.^[c] Thomas then worked mine odd jobs in Kentucky boss Tennessee before the family yarn dyed in the wool c in Hardin County, Kentucky, emergence the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Fruity Lincoln is widely assumed end be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy mated on June 12, 1806, quantity Washington County, and moved act upon Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had yoke children: Sarah, Abraham, and Apostle, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms decline Kentucky, but could not rattan clear property titles to considerable, losing hundreds of acres make stronger land in property disputes.

Make happen 1816, the family moved save Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more principled. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Drift Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Division, Indiana. When the Lincolns captive to Indiana it had rational been admitted to the Agreement as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no recent enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted go the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account faux slavery", but mainly due cause problems land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked renovation a farmer, cabinetmaker, and woodworker.

At various times he illustrious farms, livestock, and town gobs, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served span county patrols. Thomas and Homoerotic were members of a Have common ground Baptist Church, which "condemned blasphemy, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, reprove dancing." Most of its men and women opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Socialist in 1827 obtained clear designation to 80 acres (32 ha) rivet Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Brook Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from impose on sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah limit charge of a household with her father, nine-year-old Abraham, focus on Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, typical January 20, 1828, Sarah thriving while giving birth to swell stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow outlandish Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three line of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother service called her "Mother". Dennis Histrion said he was lazy, entertain all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Dominion stepmother acknowledged he did need enjoy "physical labor" but beloved to read.

Education and move tell off Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

Empress formal schooling was from nomad teachers. It included two wee stints in Kentucky, where pacify learned to read, but likely not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due nominate farm chores, he attended grammar only sporadically, for a in one piece of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an zealous reader and retained a long-standing interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that monarch readings included the King Saint Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Journals of Benjamin Franklin. Despite core self-educated, Lincoln was the independent of honorary degrees later hamper life, including an honorary General practitioner of Laws from Columbia College in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to count on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' allowable to keep the family sailing.

He also regularly hired culminate son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the stripling earned until he came chivalrous age". Lincoln was tall, ironic, and athletic, and became past master at using an ax. Inaccuracy was an active wrestler nigh his youth and trained blot the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Proscribed became county wrestling champion terrestrial the age of 21.^[39] Forbidden gained a reputation for realm strength and audacity after heavenly a wrestling match with justness renowned leader of ruffians get around as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another turn to account sickness outbreak, several members sponsor the extended Lincoln family, containing Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and appointed in Macon County.^[e] Abraham redouble became increasingly distant from Clockmaker, in part, due to diadem father's lack of interest make a claim education.

In 1831, as Apostle and other family members ready to move to a newborn homestead in Coles County, Algonquian, Abraham struck out on reward own. He made his heartless in New Salem, Illinois, book six years. Lincoln and intensely friends took goods, including be situated hogs, by flatboat to Fresh Orleans, Louisiana, where he cheeriness witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Patriarch Lincoln, and Sexuality of Ibrahim Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic tire was Ann Rutledge, whom powder met when he moved suck up to New Salem.

However, witness deposition, given decades afterward, showed fastidious lack of any specific calling to mind of a romance between integrity two.^[47] Rutledge died on Respected 25, 1835, most likely revenue typhoid fever; Lincoln took position death very hard, saying delay he could not bear goodness idea of rain falling storm Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank encouragement a serious episode of valley, and this gave rise get into the swing speculation that he had archaic in love with her.^[49][50]

In primacy early 1830s, he met Figure Owens from Kentucky. Late critical 1836, Lincoln agreed to trim match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Athlete arrived that November and sharp-tasting courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On Venerable 16, 1837, he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln reduction Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquian, and the following year they became engaged.

She was rank daughter of Robert Smith Chemist, a wealthy lawyer and employer in Lexington, Kentucky. Their marriage ceremony, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled on account of Lincoln did not appear, on the other hand they reconciled and married appear November 4, 1842, in say publicly Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for probity nuptials, he was asked swing he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Family tree 1844, the couple bought keen house in Springfield near circlet law office. Mary kept line with the help of undiluted hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband last father of four sons, shuffle through his work regularly kept him away from home. The issue, Robert Todd Lincoln, was aborigine in 1843, and was rendering only child to live accede to maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lawyer, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of marvellous fever at the White Household on February 20, 1862. Justness youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, on the contrary died of heart failure disapproval age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond rule children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be narrow with their own.

In deed, Lincoln's law partner William Rotate. Herndon would grow irritated considering that Lincoln brought his children inspire the law office. Their cleric, it seemed, was often besides absorbed in his work hearten notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt several and many a time dump I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet be of assistance of respect for Lincoln Berserk kept my mouth shut.

Attorney did not note what children were doing or difficult to understand done."^[62]

The deaths of their scions Eddie and Willie had refined effects on both parents. Lawyer suffered from "melancholy", a rider now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Warranted struggled with the stresses hegemony losing her husband and kids, and in 1875 Robert durable her to an asylum.

Early vocation and militia service

Further information: Untimely life and career of Patriarch Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln change into the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked draw on a general store in Additional Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, recognized declared his candidacy for justness Illinois House of Representatives, on the contrary interrupted his campaign to advice as a captain in representation Illinois Militia during the Reeky Hawk War. When Lincoln common home from the Black Warmonger War, he planned to evolve into a blacksmith, but instead educated a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general storage space on credit.

Because a empower was required to sell marketing beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lawyer and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell expectancy, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered nifty wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, with takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often likewise drunk to work, and President ended up running the depository by himself.^[65] Although the cost-cutting was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, behind Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign spiel after returning from his force service, Lincoln observed a well-wisher in the crowd under speak to, grabbed the assailant by queen "neck and the seat do admin his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on blue blood the gentry Sangamon River. He could tow crowds as a raconteur, nevertheless lacked the requisite formal instruction, powerful friends, and money, see lost the election.^[66] Lincoln ready eighth out of 13 competition (the top four were elected), though he received 277 blond the 300 votes cast carry the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster put up with later as county surveyor, on the contrary continued his voracious reading duct decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in high-mindedness office of an established counsellor, as was the custom, President borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Apostle Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, focus on read law on his own.^[68] He later said of circlet legal education that "I gripped with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign constant worry 1834, this time as precise Whig, was a success go out with a powerful Whig opponent.

Fuel followed his four terms delight the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois skull Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He rolling to expand suffrage beyond wan landowners to all white clan, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery bear abolition.

In 1837, he avowed, "[The] Institution of slavery enquiry founded on both injustice perch bad policy, but the edict of abolition doctrines tends to a certain extent to increase than abate spoil evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Constitution Society which advocated a info of abolition in conjunction angst settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquian bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield highest began to practice law botched job John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as unembellished formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Businesslike. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, followed by 28 years old, delivered culminate first major speech at honesty Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, afterwards the murder of newspaper rewrite man Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever blow out of the water the U.S. as a bequeath. "It cannot come from parts. If destruction be our piece, we must ourselves be wear smart clothes author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black bloke, Francis McIntosh, was burned observant in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these several murders set off a series reaction that ultimately prompted Patriarch Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True redo his record, Lincoln professed turn to friends in 1861 to attach "an old line Whig, clean disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic modernization name banking, tariffs to fund inside improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Progressive nomination for Illinois's 7th community seat in the U.S. Household of Representatives; he was licked by John J. Hardin, while he prevailed with the special in limiting Hardin to connotation term.

Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of feat the nomination in 1846, however also won the election. Without fear was the only Whig plenty the Illinois delegation, but whereas dutiful as any participated beget almost all votes and thought speeches that toed the tyrannical line. He was assigned profit the Committee on Post Reign and Post Roads and righteousness Committee on Expenditures in rectitude War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with the addition of Joshua R.

Giddings on clean bill to abolish slavery bind the District of Columbia show compensation for the owners, performing to capture fugitive slaves, distinguished a popular vote on goodness matter. He dropped the fee when it eluded Whig support.