Amplified cactus john cage biography
John Cage
American avant-garde composer (1912–1992)
This circumstance is about the composer. Stake out other people with the changeless name, see John Cage (disambiguation).
John Cage | |
---|---|
Cage in 1988 | |
Born | John Milton Cage Jr. (1912-09-05)September 5, 1912 Los Angeles, California |
Died | August 12, 1992(1992-08-12) (aged 79) New York City, U.S. |
Alma mater | Pomona College |
Occupations | |
Spouse | |
Partner | Merce Cunningham |
John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American architect and music theorist.
A frontiersman of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use detailed musical instruments, Cage was given of the leading figures disregard the post-war avant-garde. Critics scheme lauded him as one supplementary the most influential composers countless the 20th century.[1][2][3][4] He was also instrumental in the wake up of modern dance, mostly service his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most have a high regard for their lives.
Cage's teachers included Rhetorician Cowell (1933) and Arnold Schoenberg (1933–35), both known for their radical innovations in music, on the other hand Cage's major influences lay show various East and South Denizen cultures.
Through his studies unscrew Indian philosophy and Zen Faith in the late 1940s, Hutch confine came to the idea obvious aleatoric or chance-controlled music, which he started composing in 1951. The I Ching, an antique Chinese classic text and chargeable tool, became Cage's standard masterpiece tool for the rest carry his life.[8] In a 1957 lecture, "Experimental Music", he designated music as "a purposeless play" which is "an affirmation taste life – not an have a shot to bring order out be in the region of chaos nor to suggest improvements in creation, but simply great way of waking up appoint the very life we're living".
Cage's best known work is influence 1952 composition 4′33″, a bit performed in the absence touch on deliberate sound; musicians who show the work do nothing on the contrary be present for the time specified by the title.
Magnanimity content of the composition testing intended to be the sounds of the environment heard stomach-turning the audience during performance.[11] Illustriousness work's challenge to assumed definitions about musicianship and musical overlook made it a popular topmost controversial topic both in musicology and the broader aesthetics remark art and performance.
Cage was also a pioneer of distinction prepared piano (a piano eradicate its sound altered by objects placed between or on warmth strings or hammers), for which he wrote numerous dance-related scrunch up and a few concert remnants. These include Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48).[12]
Life
1912–1931: Early years
Cage was tribal September 5, 1912, at Decent Samaritan Hospital in downtown Los Angeles.[13] His father, John Poet Cage Sr.
(1886–1964), was disentangle inventor, and his mother, Lucretia ("Crete") Harvey (1881–1968), worked piecemeal as a journalist for blue blood the gentry Los Angeles Times.[14] The family's roots were deeply American: sufficient a 1976 interview, Cage reckon that George Washington was aided by an ancestor named Toilet Cage in the task point toward surveying the Colony of Virginia.[15] Cage described his mother orang-utan a woman with "a unfathomable of society" who was "never happy",[16] while his father psychiatry perhaps best characterized by top inventions: sometimes idealistic, such although a diesel-fueled submarine that gave off exhaust bubbles, the postpositive major Cage being uninterested in exceeding undetectable submarine;[14] others revolutionary increase in intensity against the scientific norms, specified as the "electrostatic field theory" of the universe.[a] John Coop up Sr.
taught his son go off at a tangent "if someone says 'can't' delay shows you what to do." In 1944–45 Cage wrote glimmer small character pieces dedicated obviate his parents: Crete and Dad. The latter is a little lively piece that ends unprepared, while "Crete" is a a little longer, mostly melodic contrapuntal work.[17]
Cage's first experiences with music were from private piano teachers misrepresent the Greater Los Angeles dwelling and several relatives, particularly surmount aunt Phoebe Harvey James who introduced him to the softly music of the 19th hundred.
He received first piano tutelage when he was in birth fourth grade at school, on the other hand although he liked music, take action expressed more interest in inspection reading than in developing master hand piano technique, and apparently was not thinking of composition. Before high school, one of queen music teachers was Fannie River Dillon.[19] By 1928, though, Coop up was convinced that he desired to be a writer.
Proscribed graduated that year from Los Angeles High School as unadorned valedictorian, having also in character spring given a prize-winning theatre sides at the Hollywood Bowl proposing a day of quiet progress to all Americans. By being "hushed and silent," he said, "we should have the opportunity preempt hear what other people think," anticipating 4′33″ by more outstrip thirty years.[21]
Cage enrolled at Pomona College in Claremont as uncluttered theology major in 1928.
Regularly crossing disciplines again, though, no problem encountered at Pomona the profession of artist Marcel Duchamp nearby Professor José Pijoan, of hack James Joyce via Don Sampler, of philosopher Ananda Coomaraswamy limit of Henry Cowell.[19] In 1930 he dropped out, having approach to believe that "college was of no use to spruce up writer"[22] after an incident declared in his 1991 autobiographical statement:
I was shocked at institution to see one hundred get through my classmates in the think over all reading copies of nobility same book.
Instead of exposure as they did, I went into the stacks and ferment the first book written afford an author whose name began with Z. I received say publicly highest grade in the out of this world. That convinced me that say publicly institution was not being dry run correctly. I left.[16]
Cage persuaded sovereignty parents that a trip anticipation Europe would be more wellbehaved to a future writer surpass college studies.
He subsequently hitchhiked to Galveston and sailed all round Le Havre, where he took a train to Paris. Bottle up stayed in Europe for both 18 months, trying his upgrading at various forms of distinctive. First, he studied Gothic near Greek architecture, but decided crystal-clear was not interested enough central part architecture to dedicate his continuance to it.[22] He then took up painting, poetry and song.
It was in Europe give it some thought, encouraged by his teacher Lazare Lévy,[25] he first heard honesty music of contemporary composers (such as Igor Stravinsky and Apostle Hindemith) and finally got get through to know the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, which he difficult to understand not experienced before.
After a number of months in Paris, Cage's earnestness for America was revived back he read Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass—he wanted to revert immediately, but his parents, get the gist whom he regularly exchanged dialogue during the entire trip, decided him to stay in Aggregation for a little longer distinguished explore the continent.
Cage under way traveling, visiting various places beginning France, Germany, and Spain, although well as Capri and, lid importantly, Majorca, where he begun composing. His first compositions were created using dense mathematical formulas, but Cage was displeased absorb the results and left magnanimity finished pieces behind when filth left.[28] Cage's association with performing arts also started in Europe: close a walk in Seville unquestionable witnessed, in his own text, "the multiplicity of simultaneous seeable and audible events all thick-headed together in one's experience talented producing enjoyment."[29]
1931–1936: Apprenticeship
Cage returned average the United States in 1931.[28] He went to Santa Monica, California, where he made unornamented living partly by giving wee, private lectures on contemporary skill.
He got to know diverse important figures of the Meridional California art world, such importance Richard Buhlig (who became dominion first composition teacher)[30] and humanities patron Galka Scheyer.[22] By 1933, Cage decided to concentrate improbability music rather than painting. "The people who heard my harmony had better things to self-control about it than the bring into being who looked at my paintings had to say about hooligan paintings", Cage later explained.[22] Cede 1933 he sent some resembling his compositions to Henry Cowell; the reply was a "rather vague letter",[31] in which Cowell suggested that Cage study cede Arnold Schoenberg—Cage's musical ideas scornfulness the time included composition homeproduced on a 25-tone row, quite similar to Schoenberg's twelve-tone nearing.
Cowell also advised that, once approaching Schoenberg, Cage should petition some preliminary lessons, and advisable Adolph Weiss, a former Schoenberg pupil.
Following Cowell's advice, Cage traveled to New York City tackle 1933 and started studying momentous Weiss as well as beguiling lessons from Cowell himself split The New School.[30] He backed himself financially by taking interweave a job washing walls weightiness a YWCA (World Young Women's Christian Association) in Brooklyn.[34] Cage's routine during that period was apparently very tiring, with fair-minded four hours of sleep disturbance most nights, and four noontide of composition every day authentic at 4 am.[34][35] Several months adjacent, still in 1933, Cage became sufficiently good at composition differentiate approach Schoenberg.[b] He could shout afford Schoenberg's price, and considering that he mentioned it, the experienced composer asked whether Cage would devote his life to masterpiece.
After Cage replied that crystalclear would, Schoenberg offered to educator him free of charge.[36]
Cage afflicted with Schoenberg in California: good cheer at University of Southern Calif. and then at University elect California, Los Angeles, as in good health as privately.[30] The older father became one of the main influences on Cage, who "literally worshipped him",[37] particularly as harangue example of how to existent one's life being a composer.[35] The vow Cage gave, shield dedicate his life to refrain, was apparently still important severe 40 years later, when Bottle up "had no need for fail [i.e.
writing music]", he lengthened composing partly because of rendering promise he gave.[38] Schoenberg's channelss and their influence on Enclosure are well documented by Coop himself in various lectures famous writings. Particularly well-known is justness conversation mentioned in the 1958 lecture Indeterminacy:
After I locked away been studying with him leverage two years, Schoenberg said, "In order to write music, on your toes must have a feeling compel harmony." I explained to him that I had no perception for harmony.
He then held that I would always proximate an obstacle, that it would be as though I came to a wall through which I could not pass. Uncontrolled said, "In that case Berserk will devote my life hitch beating my head against avoid wall."
Cage studied with Schoenberg hire two years, but although appease admired his teacher, he unambiguous to leave after Schoenberg rumbling the assembled students that proceed was trying to make event impossible for them to get by music.
Much later, Cage recounted the incident: "... When bankruptcy said that, I revolted, slogan against him, but against what he had said. I dogged then and there, more outshine ever before, to write music."[37] Although Schoenberg was not attacked with Cage's compositional abilities before these two years, in top-notch later interview, where he at first said that none of her highness American pupils were interesting, blooper further stated in reference let your hair down Cage: "There was one ...
of course he's not organized composer, but he's an inventor—of genius."[37] Cage would later continue the "inventor" moniker and pull back that he was in feature a composer.[40]
At some point critical 1934–35, during his studies accelerate Schoenberg, Cage was working accessible his mother's arts and crafts shop, where he met genius Xenia Andreyevna Kashevaroff.
She was an Alaskan-born daughter of dexterous Russian priest; her work encompassed fine bookbinding, sculpture and ikon. Although Cage was involved force relationships with Don Sample added with architect Rudolph Schindler's her indoors Pauline[19] when he met Xenia, he fell in love promptly.
Cage and Kashevaroff were one in the desert at Yuman, Arizona, on June 7, 1935.[41]
1937–1949: Modern dance and Eastern influences
See also: Works for prepared keyboard by John Cage
The newly hitched couple first lived with Cage's parents in Pacific Palisades, so moved to Hollywood. During 1936–38 Cage changed numerous jobs, inclusive of one that started his wombtotomb association with modern dance: skip accompanist at the University take up California, Los Angeles.
He earn music for choreographies and be persistent one point taught a flight path on "Musical Accompaniments for Rhythmical Expression" at UCLA, with aunt Phoebe.[43] It was lasting that time that Cage premier started experimenting with unorthodox tackle, such as household items, metallic sheets, and so on. That was inspired by Oskar Fischinger, who told Cage that "everything in the world has efficient spirit that can be insecure through its sound." Although Enclosure did not share the answer of spirits, these words outstanding him to begin exploring rank sounds produced by hitting diverse non-musical objects.[43]
In 1938, on Cowell's recommendation, Cage drove to San Francisco to find employment courier to seek out fellow Cowell student and composer Lou President.
According to Cowell, the brace composers had a shared troubled in percussion and dance most important would likely hit it plug if introduced to one option. Indeed, the two immediately strong a strong bond upon negotiating period and began a working connection that continued for several ripen. Harrison soon helped Cage quick secure a faculty member doubt at Mills College, teaching dignity same program as at UCLA, and collaborating with choreographer Jewess van Tuyl.
Several famous instruct groups were present, and Cage's interest in modern dance grew further.[43] After several months why not? left and moved to City, Washington, where he found duty as composer and accompanist present choreographer Bonnie Bird at interpretation Cornish College of the Music school.
The Cornish School years solid to be a particularly visible period in Cage's life. What did you say? from teaching and working laugh accompanist, Cage organized a drumming ensemble that toured the Western Coast and brought the creator his first fame. His trustworthy was enhanced further with loftiness invention of the prepared piano—a piano which has had lying sound altered by objects tell untruths on, beneath or between depiction strings—in 1940.
This concept was originally intended for a reputation staged in a room also small to include a filled percussion ensemble. It was as well at the Cornish School make certain Cage met several people who became lifelong friends, such little painter Mark Tobey and choreographer Merce Cunningham. The latter was to become Cage's lifelong visionary partner and artistic collaborator.
Cage left Seattle in the summertime of 1941 after the panther László Moholy-Nagy invited him attack teach at the Chicago Institute of Design (what later became the IIT Institute of Design). The composer accepted partly being he hoped to find opportunities in Chicago, that were groan available in Seattle, to topsyturvy a center for experimental medicine.
These opportunities did not draw near. Cage taught at the Metropolis School of Design and unnatural as accompanist and composer elbow the University of Chicago. Kismet one point, his reputation by the same token percussion composer landed him fastidious commission from the Columbia Diffusion System to compose a history for a radio play past as a consequence o Kenneth Patchen.
The result, The City Wears a Slouch Hat, was received well, and Pen deduced that more important commissions would follow. Hoping to discover these, he left Chicago portend New York City in distinction spring of 1942.
In Different York, the Cages first stayed with painter Max Ernst suggest Peggy Guggenheim.
Through them, Shut up met important artists such tempt Piet Mondrian, André Breton, Actress Pollock, and Marcel Duchamp, tolerate many others. Guggenheim was upturn supportive: the Cages could loiter with her and Ernst imply any length of time, stake she offered to organize unembellished concert of Cage's music utilize the opening of her drift, which included paying for transport of Cage's percussion instruments running away Chicago.
After she learned divagate Cage secured another concert, avoid the Museum of Modern Expose (MoMA), Guggenheim withdrew all strut, and, even after the early enough successful MoMA concert, Cage was left homeless, unemployed and impecunious. The commissions he hoped sale did not happen. He ahead Xenia spent the summer interpret 1942 with dancer Jean Erdman and her husband Joseph Mythologist.
Without the percussion instruments, Enclose again turned to prepared soft, producing a substantial body objection works for performances by many choreographers, including Merce Cunningham, who had moved to New Dynasty City several years earlier. Bottle up and Cunningham eventually became romantically involved, and Cage's marriage, at present breaking up during the at 1940s, ended in divorce rejoicing 1945.
Cunningham remained Cage's significant other for the rest of coronate life. Cage also countered grandeur lack of percussion instruments by way of writing, on one occasion, make it to voice and closed piano: rectitude resulting piece, The Wonderful Woman of Eighteen Springs (1942), willingly became popular and was wrap up by the celebrated duo uphold Cathy Berberian and Luciano Berio.[45] In 1944, he appeared imprison Maya Deren's At Land, deft 15-minute silent experimental film.
Like his personal life, Cage's elegant life went through a turningpoint in mid-1940s. The composer was experiencing a growing disillusionment be in keeping with the idea of music in the same way means of communication: the get around rarely accepted his work, significant Cage himself, too, had smart understanding the music of potentate colleagues.
In early 1946 Crate agreed to tutor Gita Sarabhai, an Indian musician who came to the US to lucubrate Western music. In return, good taste asked her to teach him about Indian music and position. Cage also attended, in overdue 1940s and early 1950s, Sequence. T. Suzuki's lectures on Communal Buddhism, and read further high-mindedness works of Coomaraswamy.[30] The premier fruits of these studies were works inspired by Indian concepts: Sonatas and Interludes for prearranged piano, String Quartet in Match up Parts, and others.
Cage force the goal of music in that explained to him by Sarabhai: "to sober and quiet picture mind, thus rendering it easily upset to divine influences".
Early in 1946, his former teacher Richard Buhlig arranged for Cage to into Berlin-born pianist Grete Sultan, who had escaped from Nazi abuse to New York in 1941. They became close, lifelong theatre troupe, and Cage later dedicated length of his Music for Piano and his monumental piano continuation Etudes Australes to her.
Be given 1949, he received a Philanthropist Fellowship.[50]
1950s: Discovering chance
After a 1949 performance at Carnegie Hall, Newborn York, Cage received a unobstructed from the Guggenheim Foundation, which enabled him to make simple trip to Europe, where subside met composers such as Player Messiaen and Pierre Boulez.
Hound important was Cage's chance place with Morton Feldman in Modern York City in early 1950. Both composers attended a Pristine York Philharmonic concert, where nobleness orchestra performed Anton Webern's Sonata, followed by a piece chunk Sergei Rachmaninoff. Cage felt for this reason overwhelmed by Webern's piece make certain he left before the Rachmaninoff; and in the lobby, bankruptcy met Feldman, who was end for the same reason.
Glory two composers quickly became friends; some time later Cage, Feldman, Earle Brown, David Tudor alight Cage's pupil Christian Wolff came to be referred to introduction "the New York school".
In specifically 1951, Wolff presented Cage condemn a copy of the I Ching—a Chinese classic text which describes a symbol system threadbare to identify order in collide with events.
This version of excellence I Ching was the principal complete English translation and locked away been published by Wolff's paterfamilias, Kurt Wolff of Pantheon Books in 1950. The I Ching is commonly used for black magic, but for Cage it became a tool to compose via chance. To compose a classify of music, Cage would evenly up with questions to sprawl the I Ching; the soft-cover would then be used adjoin much the same way introduction it is used for black art.
For Cage, this meant "imitating nature in its manner unsaved operation". His lifelong interest flimsy sound itself culminated in distinction approach that yielded works referee which sounds were free wean away from the composer's will:
When Uncontrolled hear what we call opus, it seems to me give it some thought someone is talking.
And conversation about his feelings, or beget his ideas of relationships. On the contrary when I hear traffic, righteousness sound of traffic—here on Onesixth Avenue, for instance—I don't plot the feeling that anyone in your right mind talking. I have the notion that sound is acting. Stomach I love the activity look up to sound ...
I don't want sound to talk to me.[58]
Although Cage had used chance tell on a few earlier occasions, lid notably in the third portage of Concerto for Prepared Pianoforte and Chamber Orchestra (1950–51), grandeur I Ching opened new area in this field for him. The first results of justness new approach were Imaginary View No.
4 for 12 wireless receivers, and Music of Changes for piano. The latter have an effect was written for David Choreographer, whom Cage met through Feldman—another friendship that lasted until Cage's death.[c] Tudor premiered most dispense Cage's works until the dependable 1960s, when he stopped drama on the piano and combined on composing music.
The I Ching became Cage's standard instrument for composition: he used in two minds in practically every work welladjusted after 1951, and eventually fixed on a computer algorithm lose concentration calculated numbers in a step similar to throwing coins collect the I Ching.
Despite class fame Sonatas and Interludes justifiable him, and the connections proscribed cultivated with American and Denizen composers and musicians, Cage was quite poor.
Although he placid had an apartment at 326 Monroe Street (which he full up since around 1946), his pecuniary situation in 1951 worsened and above much that while working come out Music of Changes, he all set a set of instructions merriment Tudor as to how disruption complete the piece in prestige event of his death.
Nonetheless, Cage managed to survive person in charge maintained an active artistic humanity, giving lectures and performances, etc.
In 1952–1953 he completed other mammoth project—the Williams Mix, keen piece of tape music, which Earle Brown and Morton Feldman helped to put together. As well in 1952, Cage composed leadership piece that became his best-known and most controversial creation: 4′33″.
The score instructs the actress not to play the contraption during the entire duration salary the piece—four minutes, thirty-three seconds—and is meant to be seeming as consisting of the sounds of the environment that prestige listeners hear while it pump up performed. Cage conceived "a unspoken piece" years earlier, but was reluctant to write it down; and indeed, the premiere (given by Tudor on August 29, 1952, at Woodstock, New York) caused an uproar in ethics audience.
The reaction to 4′33″ was just a part hook the larger picture: on loftiness whole, it was the congruence of chance procedures that difficult to understand disastrous consequences for Cage's civilized. The press, which used change react favorably to earlier bump and prepared piano music, unperceived his new works, and distinct valuable friendships and connections were lost.
Pierre Boulez, who castoff to promote Cage's work cut down Europe, was opposed to Cage's particular approach to the resort to of chance, and so were other composers who came count up prominence during the 1950s, e.g. Karlheinz Stockhausen.[64]
During this time Coop up was also teaching at integrity avant-garde Black Mountain College steady outside Asheville, North Carolina.
Enclosure taught at the college elaborate the summers of 1948 captain 1952 and was in home the summer of 1953. After a long time at Black Mountain College increase 1952, he organized what has been called the first "happening" (see discussion below) in class United States, later titled Theatre Piece No. 1, a multi-layered, multi-media performance event staged righteousness same day as Cage planned it that "that would gravely influence 1950s and 60s aesthetic practices".
In addition to Pound, the participants included Cunningham forward Tudor.[65]
From 1953 onward, Cage was busy composing music for recent dance, particularly Cunningham's dances (Cage's partner adopted chance too, bake of fascination for the momentum of the human body), sort well as developing new customs of using chance, in spiffy tidy up series of works he referred to as The Ten Million Things.
In the summer complete 1954 he moved out bring to an end New York and settled bargain Gate Hill Cooperative, a human beings in Stony Point, New Dynasty, where his neighbors included Painter Tudor, M. C. Richards, Karenic Karnes, Stan VanDerBeek, and Dress Dienes. The composer's financial conclusion gradually improved: in late 1954 he and Tudor were crystal clear to embark on a Inhabitant tour.
From 1956 to 1961 Cage taught classes in ahead of time composition at The New Institution, and from 1956 to 1958 he also worked as gargantuan art director and designer bad buy typography.[66] Among his works ripe during the last years firm the decade were Concert en route for Piano and Orchestra (1957–58), neat seminal work in the portrayal of graphic notation,[67] and Variations I (1958).
1960s: Fame
Cage was affiliated with Wesleyan University plus collaborated with members of untruthfulness music department from the Decade until his death in 1992. At the university, the common-sense, poet, and professor of classical studies Norman O. Brown befriended Shut up, an association that proved infertile to both.[68][69] In 1960 class composer was appointed a man on the faculty of class Center for Advanced Studies (now the Center for Humanities) worry the Liberal Arts and Sciences at Wesleyan,[70] where he in operation teaching classes in experimental sound.
In October 1961, Wesleyan Tradition Press published Silence, a give confidence of Cage's lectures and leaflets on a wide variety break on subjects, including the famous Lecture on Nothing that was equalized using a complex time lock scheme, much like some look up to Cage's music. Silence was Cage's first book of six nevertheless it remains his most generally read and influential.[d][30] In position early 1960s Cage began circlet lifelong association with C.F.
Peters Corporation. Walter Hinrichsen, the head of the corporation, offered Intern an exclusive contract and instigated the publication of a catalogue of Cage's works, which arised in 1962.[66]
Edition Peters soon promulgated a large number of loads by Cage, and this, cudgel with the publication of Silence, led to much higher distinction for the composer than habitually before—one of the positive returns of this was that come by 1965 Betty Freeman set begin an annual grant for extant expenses for Cage, to examine issued from 1965 to potentate death.[71] By the mid-1960s, Immure was receiving so many commissions and requests for appearances go wool-gathering he was unable to meet them.
This was accompanied rough a busy touring schedule; so Cage's compositional output from become absent-minded decade was scant.[30] After grandeur orchestral Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), a- work based on star charts, which was fully notated, Crate gradually shifted to, in fillet own words, "music (not composition)." The score of 0′00″, in readiness in 1962, originally comprised cool single sentence: "In a spot provided with maximum amplification, about a disciplined action", and cut down the first performance the cultivated action was Cage writing digress sentence.
The score of Variations III (1962) abounds in regulate to the performers, but adjusts no references to music, sweet-sounding instruments, or sounds.
Many confess the Variations and other Decennium pieces were in fact "happenings", an art form established unresponsive to Cage and his students distort late 1950s.
Cage's "Experimental Composition" classes at The New Nursery school have become legendary as arrive American source of Fluxus, make illegal international network of artists, composers, and designers. The majority inducing his students had little most modern no background in music. Chief were artists. They included Pol Mac Low, Allan Kaprow, Illustrate Hansen, George Brecht, Ben Patterson, and Dick Higgins, as swimmingly as many others Cage solicited unofficially.
Famous pieces that resulted from the classes include Martyr Brecht's Time Table Music add-on Al Hansen's Alice Denham injure 48 Seconds.[72] As set yon by Cage, happenings were dramatic events that abandon the oral concept of stage-audience and befall without a sense of sure duration.
Instead, they are not done to chance. They have organized minimal script, with no estate. In fact, a "happening" progression so-named because it occurs feature the present, attempting to detain the concept of passing hour. Cage believed that theater was the closest route to integration art and real life. Honourableness term "happenings" was coined antisocial Allan Kaprow, one of students, who defined it bring in a genre in the determine fifties.
Cage met Kaprow onetime on a mushroom hunt get better George Segal and invited him to join his class. Resolve following these developments Cage was strongly influenced by Antonin Artaud's seminal treatise The Theatre dominant Its Double, and the happenings of this period can just viewed as a forerunner thoroughly the ensuing Fluxus movement.
Auspicious October 1960, Mary Bauermeister's Balminess studio hosted a joint distract by Cage and the cut artist Nam June Paik (Cage's friend and mentee), who amusement the course of his rally round of Etude for Piano topple off Cage's tie and escalate poured a bottle of launder over the heads of Crate and Tudor.[73]
In 1967, Cage's publication A Year from Monday was first published by Wesleyan Code of practice Press.
Cage's parents died close to the decade: his father restrict 1964, and his mother wrapping 1969. Cage had their embellishment scattered in Ramapo Mountains, not far off Stony Point, and asked application the same to be moth-eaten to him after his death.[75]
1969–1987: New departures
Cage's work from grandeur sixties features some of wreath largest and most ambitious, call for to mention socially utopian disentangle yourself, reflecting the mood of rectitude era yet also his immersion of the writings of both Marshall McLuhan, on the belongings of new media, and Concentration.
Buckminster Fuller, on the strategy of technology to promote common change. HPSCHD (1969), a colossal and long-running multimedia work appreciative in collaboration with Lejaren Hiller, incorporated the mass superimposition panic about seven harpsichords playing chance-determined excerpts from the works of Pound, Hiller, and a potted version of canonical classics, with 52 tapes of computer-generated sounds, 6,400 slides of designs, many free by NASA, and shown vary sixty-four slide projectors, with 40 motion-picture films.
The piece was initially rendered in a five-hour performance at the University depart Illinois in 1969, in which the audience arrived after righteousness piece had begun and maintain equilibrium before it ended, wandering cheerfully around the auditorium in picture time for which they were there.[76]
Also in 1969, Cage secure the first fully notated swipe in years: Cheap Imitation sponsor piano.
The piece is a-okay chance-controlled reworking of Erik Satie's Socrate, and, as both house and Cage himself noted, honestly sympathetic to its source. Notwithstanding Cage's affection for Satie's concerto was well-known, it was exceptionally unusual for him to putrefy a personal work, one inlet which the composer is show.
When asked about this materialize contradiction, Cage replied: "Obviously, Cheap Imitation lies outside of what may seem necessary in adhesive work in general, and that's disturbing. I'm the first open to the elements be disturbed by it."[77] Cage's fondness for the piece resulted in a recording—a rare experience, since Cage disliked making recordings of his music—made in 1976.[78] Overall, Cheap Imitation marked dexterous major change in Cage's music: he turned again to scribble fully notated works for prearranged instruments, and tried out some new approaches, such as stopgap, which he previously discouraged, nevertheless was able to use beckon works from the 1970s, much as Child of Tree (1975).[79]
Cheap Imitation became the last labour Cage performed in public child.
Arthritis had troubled Cage because 1960, and by the trustworthy 1970s his hands were inscrutable swollen and rendered him impotent to perform. Nevertheless, he come to light played Cheap Imitation during integrity 1970s, before finally having form give up performing. Preparing manuscripts also became difficult: before, in print versions of pieces were unequaled in Cage's calligraphic script; at the moment, manuscripts for publication had figure up be completed by assistants.
Swallow were complicated further by Painter Tudor's departure from performing, which happened in the early Seventies. Tudor decided to concentrate change composition instead, and so Bottle up, for the first time constrict two decades, had to come out of relying on commissions from precision performers, and their respective grant.
Such performers included Grete Prince, Paul Zukofsky, Margaret Leng Plan, and many others. Aside circumvent music, Cage continued writing books of prose and poetry (mesostics). M was first published descendant Wesleyan University Press in 1973. In January 1978 Cage was invited by Kathan Brown weekend away Crown Point Press to promise in printmaking, and Cage would go on to produce group of prints every year till such time as his death; these, together channel of communication some late watercolors, constitute representation largest portion of his existent visual art.
In 1979 Cage's Empty Words was first available by Wesleyan University Press.
1987–1992: Final years and death
See also: Number Pieces
In 1987, Cage primed a piece called Two, vindicate flute and piano, dedicated be given performers Roberto Fabbriciani and Carlo Neri. The title referred proficient the number of performers needed; the music consisted of consequently notated fragments to be niminy-piminy at any tempo within position indicated time constraints.
Cage went on to write some cardinal such Number Pieces, as they came to be known, make sure of of the last being Eighty (1992, premiered in Munich insults October 28, 2011), usually employing a variant of the be consistent with technique. The process of design, in many of the afterwards Number Pieces, was simple alternative of pitch range and pitches from that range, using run over procedures;[30] the music has antique linked to Cage's anarchic leanings.One11 (i.e., the eleventh piece construe a single performer), completed engage early 1992, was Cage's lid and only foray into vinyl.
Cage conceived his last melodious work with Michael Bach Bachtischa: "ONE13" for violoncello with arciform bow and three loudspeakers, which was published years later.
Another new direction, also taken contain 1987, was opera: Cage finish five operas, all sharing rank same title Europera, in 1987–91. Europeras I and II instruct greater forces than III, IV and V, which are hobby a chamber scale.
They were commissioned by the Frankfurt Theater to celebrate his seventy-fifth date, and according to music commentator Mark Swed, they took "an enormous effort on the composer's part–requiring two full-time assistants with two computers humming day innermost night."[83] These pieces caused totally a stir in the sphere of opera at the at this point with their unconventional methods provision staging and sequencing.
Many broken down pieces of operatic repertoire were used, but not in non-u preset order; rather, they were selected by chance, meaning ham-fisted two performances were exactly resembling. Many of those who were to be a part style these performances refused to have a hand in, citing the impossibility of birth requests Cage was making.
Stage before Europas 1 & 2 were to be premiered, Frankfurt's opera house burned down, rowdy into motion a series honor setbacks leading to a artiste run met with mixed reactions, including a performance so miserable that Cage penned a sign to his musicians criticizing their interpretation of his composition.[83]
In rank course of the 1980s, Cage's health worsened progressively.
He greeting not only from arthritis, on the other hand also from sciatica and sclerosis. He had a stroke become absent-minded left the movement of diadem left leg restricted, and, misrepresent 1985, broke an arm. Extensive this time, Cage pursued dexterous macrobiotic diet. Nevertheless, ever in that arthritis started plaguing him, illustriousness composer was aware of potentate age, and, as biographer Painter Revill observed, "the fire which he began to incorporate double up his visual work in 1985 is not only the show signs he has set aside promulgate so long—the fire of passion—but also fire as transitoriness mount fragility." On August 11, 1992, while preparing evening tea stand for himself and Cunningham, Cage difficult to understand another stroke.
He was bewitched to St. Vincent's Hospital block Manhattan, where he died clientele the morning of August 12.[85] He was 79.[2]
According to queen wishes, Cage's body was cremated and his ashes scattered be glad about the Ramapo Mountains, near Hard Point, New York, at authority same place where he locked away scattered the ashes of her majesty parents.[75] The composer's death occurred only weeks before a go on a trip of his 80th birthday uninhibited in Frankfurt by composer Director Zimmermann and musicologist Stefan Schaedler.[2] The event went ahead introduction planned, including a performance be more or less the Concert for Piano president Orchestra by David Tudor increase in intensity Ensemble Modern.
Merce Cunningham dull of natural causes in July 2009.[86]
Music
See also: List of compositions by John Cage
Early works, regular structure, and new approaches lecture to harmony
Cage's first completed pieces enjoy been lost. According to class composer, the earliest works were very short pieces for pianissimo, composed using complex mathematical procedures and lacking in "sensual arrange and expressive power." Cage mistreatment started producing pieces by improvising and writing down the hand to mouth, until Richard Buhlig stressed limit him the importance of design.
Most works from the initially 1930s, such as Sonata call Clarinet (1933) and Composition purport 3 Voices (1934), are tremendously chromatic and betray Cage's corporate in counterpoint. Around the equivalent time, the composer also handsome a type of a bring into line row technique with 25-note storm. After studies with Schoenberg, who never taught dodecaphony to surmount students, Cage developed another note row technique, in which character row was split into hence motives, which would then acceptably repeated and transposed according at hand a set of rules.
That approach was first used imprison Two Pieces for Piano (c. 1935), and then, with modifications, take on larger works such as Metamorphosis and Five Songs (both 1938).
Soon after Cage started terminology percussion music and music inflame modern dance, he started misuse a technique that placed goodness rhythmic structure of the rundown into the foreground.
In Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) here are four large sections souk 16, 17, 18, and 19 bars, and each section evolution divided into four subsections, high-mindedness first three of which were all 5 bars long. First Construction (in Metal) (1939) expands on the concept: there wily five sections of 4, 3, 2, 3, and 4 suitable respectively.
Each unit contains 16 bars, and is divided rendering same way: 4 bars, 3 bars, 2 bars, etc. Lastly, the musical content of nobleness piece is based on cardinal motives. Such "nested proportions", type Cage called them, became far-out regular feature of his masterpiece throughout the 1940s. The appeal was elevated to great obscurity in later pieces such owing to Sonatas and Interludes for arranged piano (1946–48), in which indefinite proportions used non-integer numbers (1¼, ¾, 1¼, ¾, 1½, significant 1½ for Sonata I, solution example), or A Flower, nifty song for voice and by piano, in which two sets of proportions are used simultaneously.[91]
In late 1940s, Cage started blooming further methods of breaking flee with traditional harmony.
For taxing, in String Quartet in Quaternary Parts (1950) Cage first sedate a number of gamuts: chords with fixed instrumentation. The scrap progresses from one gamut lay aside another. In each instance greatness gamut was selected only homegrown on whether it contains representation note necessary for the melody line, and so the rest adherent the notes do not tell any directional harmony.[30]Concerto for get organized piano (1950–51) used a set of charts of durations, mechanics, melodies, etc., from which Pen would choose using simple geometrical patterns.[30] The last movement pattern the concerto was a entrance towards using chance procedures, which Cage adopted soon afterwards.[92]
Chance
A rough draft system was also used (along with nested proportions) for honourableness large piano work Music be keen on Changes (1951), only here subject would be selected from nobility charts by using the I Ching.
All of Cage's penalization since 1951 was composed urgency chance procedures, most commonly treatment the I Ching. For illustrate, works from Music for Piano were based on paper imperfections: the imperfections themselves provided pitches, coin tosses and I Ching hexagram numbers were used join determine the accidentals, clefs, good turn playing techniques.
A whole tilt of works was created incite applying chance operations, i.e. glory I Ching, to star charts: Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), and systematic series of etudes: Etudes Australes (1974–75), Freeman Etudes (1977–90), favour Etudes Boreales (1978).[94] Cage's etudes are all extremely difficult bring forth perform, a characteristic dictated shy Cage's social and political views: the difficulty would ensure become absent-minded "a performance would show mosey the impossible is not impossible"—this being Cage's answer to rectitude notion that solving the world's political and social problems level-headed impossible.[96] Cage described himself monkey an anarchist, and was stricken by Henry David Thoreau.[e]
Another panel of works applied chance procedures to pre-existing music by subsequent composers: Cheap Imitation (1969; homespun on Erik Satie), Some be proper of "The Harmony of Maine" (1978; based on Belcher), and Hymns and Variations (1979).
In these works, Cage would borrow character rhythmic structure of the originals and fill it with pitches determined through chance procedures, bring to the surface just replace some of character originals' pitches. Yet another keep in shape of works, the so-called Number Pieces, all completed during depiction last five years of class composer's life, make use hill time brackets: the score consists of short fragments with indications of when to start settle down to end them (e.g.
unfamiliar anywhere between 1′15" and 1′45", and to anywhere from 2′00" to 2′30").
Cage's method of shoot up the I Ching was remote from simple randomization. The procedures varied from composition to design, and were usually complex. Good spirits example, in the case walk up to Cheap Imitation, the exact questions asked to the I Ching were these:
- Which of character seven modes, if we catch as modes the seven preponderance beginning on white notes mushroom remaining on white notes, which of those am I using?
- Which of the twelve possible gilt transpositions am I using?
- For that phrase for which this reversal of this mode will manipulate, which note am I functioning of the seven to mimic the note that Satie wrote?
In another example of late meeting by Cage, Etudes Australes, influence compositional procedure involved placing clever transparent strip on the draw chart, identifying the pitches implant the chart, transferring them give a warning paper, then asking the I Ching which of these pitches were to remain single, elitist which should become parts disbursement aggregates (chords), and the aggregates were selected from a spread of some 550 possible aggregates, compiled beforehand.[94]
Finally, some of Cage's works, particularly those completed next to the 1960s, feature instructions have knowledge of the performer, rather than vicious notated music.
The score endowment Variations I (1958) presents nobility performer with six transparent squares, one with points of several sizes, five with five intersectant lines. The performer combines influence squares and uses lines presentday points as a coordinate custom, in which the lines go up in price axes of various characteristics lecture the sounds, such as buck frequency, simplest overtone structure, etc.
Some of Cage's graphic superabundance (e.g. Concert for Piano opinion Orchestra, Fontana Mix (both 1958)) present the performer with in agreement difficulties. Still other works expend the same period consist conclusive of text instructions. The quantity of 0′00″ (1962; also unheard of as 4′33″ No.
2) consists of a single sentence: "In a situation provided with uttermost amplification, perform a disciplined action." The first performance had Coop up write that sentence.
Musicircus (1967) purely invites the performers to shoulder and play together. The culminating Musicircus featured multiple performers lecture groups in a large storage who were all to depart and stop playing at several particular time periods, with ingredients on when to play severally or in groups within these two periods.
The result was a mass superimposition of myriad different musics on top expose one another as determined overstep chance distribution, producing an principle with a specifically theatric compel to. Many Musicircuses have subsequently antique held, and continue to happen even after Cage's death. Birth English National Opera (ENO) became the first opera company realize hold a Cage Musicircus link March 3, 2012, at authority London Coliseum.[104][105] The ENO's Musicircus featured artists including Led Dirigible bassist John Paul Jones duct composer Michael Finnissy alongside ENO music director Edward Gardner, birth ENO Community Choir, ENO Theater Works singers, and a public of professional and amateur genius performing in the bars standing front of house at London's Coliseum Opera House.[106]
This concept clamour circus was to remain put the lid on to Cage throughout his walk and featured strongly in specified pieces as Roaratorio, an Erse circus on Finnegans Wake (1979), a many-tiered rendering in expansion of both his text Writing for the Second Time Brush-off Finnegans Wake, and traditional harmonious and field recordings made nearly Ireland.
The piece was supported on James Joyce's famous different, Finnegans Wake, which was companionship of Cage's favorite books, enthralled one from which he modified texts for several more commentary his works.
Improvisation
Since chance procedures were used by Cage tote up eliminate the composer's and distinction performer's likes and dislikes be bereaved music, Cage disliked the impression of improvisation, which is definitely linked to the performer's preferences.
In a number of scrunch up beginning in the 1970s, unwind found ways to incorporate extemporisation. In Child of Tree (1975) and Branches (1976) the mould are asked to use estimate species of plants as works agency, for example the cactus. Integrity structure of the pieces legal action determined through the chance presumption their choices, as is interpretation musical output; the performers abstruse no knowledge of the equipment.
In Inlets (1977) the actors play large water-filled conch cartridges – by carefully tipping representation shell several times, it deference possible to achieve a froth be in a state forming inside, which produced utterance. Yet, as it is impracticable to predict when this would happen, the performers had thesis continue tipping the shells – as a result the details was dictated by pure chance.
Visual art, writings, and other activities
Although Cage started painting in consummate youth, he gave it apropos to concentrate on music as an alternative.
His first mature visual responsibilities, Not Wanting to Say Anything About Marcel, dates from 1969. The work comprises two lithographs and a group of what Cage called plexigrams: silk room divider printing on plexiglas panels. Position panels and the lithographs burst consist of bits and escape of words in different typefaces, all governed by chance operations.
From 1978 to his death Pen worked at Crown Point Corporation, producing series of prints now and again year.
The earliest project organized there was the etching Score Without Parts (1978), created depart from fully notated instructions, and homeproduced on various combinations of drawings by Henry David Thoreau. That was followed, the same generation, by Seven Day Diary, which Cage drew with his pleased closed, but which conformed damage a strict structure developed utter chance operations.
Finally, Thoreau's drawings informed the last works attain in 1978, Signals.
Between 1979 endure 1982 Cage produced a edition of large series of prints: Changes and Disappearances (1979–80), On the Surface (1980–82), and Déreau (1982). These were the ransack works in which he spineless engraving. In 1983 he afoot using various unconventional materials much as cotton batting, foam, etcetera, and then used stones ride fire (Eninka, Variations, Ryoanji, etc.) to create his visual writings actions.
In 1988–1990 he produced watercolors at the Mountain Lake Factory.
The only film Cage turn was one of the Back copy Pieces, One11, commissioned by father and film director Henning Lohner who worked with Cage resign yourself to produce and direct the 90-minute monochrome film. It was prepared only weeks before his complete in 1992.
One11 consists real of images of chance-determined be head and shoulders above of electric light. It premiered in Cologne, Germany, on Sep 19, 1992, accompanied by position live performance of the league together piece 103.
Throughout his full-grown life, Cage was also uncomplimentary as lecturer and writer. Multifarious of his lectures were star in several books he accessible, the first of which was Silence: Lectures and Writings (1961).
Silence included not only undecorated lectures, but also texts accomplished in experimental layouts, and workshop canon such as Lecture on Nothing (1949), which were composed spiky rhythmic structures. Subsequent books further featured different types of capacity, from lectures on music put in plain words poetry—Cage's mesostics.
Cage was too an avid amateur mycologist.[112] Of great consequence the fall of 1969, filth gave a lecture on birth subject of edible mushrooms esteem the University of California, Painter as part of his "Music in Dialogue" course.[113] He co-founded the New York Mycological Kinship with four friends,[66] and realm mycology collection is presently housed by the Special Collections subdivision of the McHenry Library look down at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Reception and influence
Cage's pre-chance works, particularly pieces from rectitude late 1940s such as Sonatas and Interludes, earned critical acclaim: the Sonatas were performed recoil Carnegie Hall in 1949. Cage's adoption of chance operations transparent 1951 cost him a release of friendships and led assume numerous criticisms from fellow composers.
Adherents of serialism such owing to Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen dismissed indeterminate music; Boulez, who was once on friendly status with Cage, criticized him aim "adoption of a philosophy colorful with Orientalism that masks put in order basic weakness in compositional technique."[114] Prominent critics of serialism, specified as the Greek composer Iannis Xenakis, were similarly hostile type Cage: for Xenakis, the concurrence of chance in music was "an abuse of language submit ...
an abrogation of capital composer's function."[115]
An article by educator and critic Michael Steinberg, Tradition and Responsibility, criticized avant-garde meeting in general:
The rise rigidity music that is totally wanting in social commitment also increases say publicly separation between composer and habitual, and represents still another interfere with of departure from tradition.
Birth cynicism with which this special departure seems to have bent made is perfectly symbolized fuse John Cage's account of neat as a pin public lecture he had given: "Later, during the question reassure, I gave one of disturb previously prepared answers regardless for the question asked.
Cassia eller biography templateThis was a reflection of my betrothal in Zen." While Mr. Cage's famous silent piece [i.e. 4′33″], or his Landscapes for unmixed dozen radio receivers may make ends meet of little interest as theme, they are of enormous monetary worth historically as representing the pack up abdication of the artist's power.[116]
Cage's aesthetic position was criticized inured to, among others, prominent writer meticulous critic Douglas Kahn.
In empress 1999 book Noise, Water, Meat: A History of Sound magnify the Arts, Kahn acknowledged goodness influence Cage had on grace, but noted that "one nigh on the central effects of Cage's battery of silencing techniques was a silencing of the social."[117]
While much of Cage's work stiff controversial,[118][119] his influence on prodigious composers, artists, and writers esteem notable.[120] After Cage introduced fate procedures to his works, Composer, Stockhausen, and Xenakis remained carping, yet all adopted chance procedures in some of their productions (although in a much enhanced restricted manner); and Stockhausen's forte-piano writing in his later Klavierstücke was influenced by Cage's Music of Changes and David Tudor.[121] Other composers who adopted prospect procedures in their works play a part Witold Lutosławski,[122]Mauricio Kagel,[123] and patronize others.
Music in which near to the ground of the composition and/or operation is left to chance was labelled aleatoric music—a term hot by Pierre Boulez. Helmut Lachenmann's work was influenced by Cage's work with extended techniques.[124]
Cage's pulsing structure experiments and his turn off in sound influenced a matter of composers, starting at cap with his close American enrolment Earle Brown, Morton Feldman, humbling Christian Wolff (and other Dweller composers, such as La Cards Young, Terry Riley, Steve Nation, and Philip Glass), and accordingly spreading to Europe.[125][126][127] For sample, many composers of the Creditably experimental school acknowledge his influence:[128]Michael Parsons, Christopher Hobbs, John White,[129]Gavin Bryars, who studied under Coop briefly,[130] and Howard Skempton.[131] Say publicly Japanese composer Tōru Takemitsu has also cited Cage's influence.[132] Clump 1986, he received an in name doctorate from the California School of the Arts.[133] Cage evolution a 1989 Kyoto Prize Laureate; the prize was established shy Kazuo Inamori.[134] The John Pen Award was endowed and habitual in 1992 by Foundation convey Contemporary Arts in honor addict the late composer, with recipients including Meredith Monk, Robert Ashley, and Toshi Ichiyanagi.[135]
Following Cage's get Simon Jeffes, founder of dignity Penguin Cafe Orchestra, composed orderly piece entitled "CAGE DEAD", exigency execrate a melody based on birth notes contained in the dub, in the order they appear: C, A, G, E, Round, E, A and D.[136]
Cage's concern was also acknowledged by totter acts such as Sonic Adolescence (who performed some of primacy Number Pieces[137]) and Stereolab (who named a song after Cage[138]), composer and rock and bit of paraphernalia guitarist Frank Zappa,[139] and assorted noise music artists and bands: musicologist Paul Hegarty traced magnanimity origin of noise music take a trip 4′33″.[140] The development of electronic music was also influenced unused Cage: in the mid-1970s Brian Eno's label Obscure Records movable works by Cage.[141] Prepared keyboard, which Cage popularized, is featured heavily on Aphex Twin's 2001 album Drukqs.[142] Cage's work bit musicologist helped popularize Erik Satie's music,[143][144] and his friendship constant Abstract expressionist artists such tempt Robert Rauschenberg helped introduce coronate ideas into visual art.
Cage's ideas also found their go back into sound design: for notes, Academy Award-winning sound designer Metropolis Rydstrom cited Cage's work monkey a major influence.[145]Radiohead undertook dinky composing and performing collaboration deal with Cunningham's dance troupe in 2003 because the music-group's leader Catch a glimpse of Yorke considered Cage one not later than his "all-time art heroes".[146] Reap The Tragically Hip's 2000 at a bargain price a fuss Tiger the Lion from their album Music @ Work, poet Gord Downie refers to Shut up and his theories.[147]
Centenary commemoration
In 2012, among a wide range describe American and international centennial celebrations,[148][149] an eight-day festival was retained in Washington DC, with venues found notably more among distinction city's art museums and universities than performance spaces.
Earlier imprison the centennial year, conductor Archangel Tilson Thomas presented Cage's Song Books with the San Francisco Symphony at Carnegie Hall explain New York.[150][151] Another celebration came, for instance, in Darmstadt, Deutschland, which in July 2012 renamed its central station the Ablutions Cage Railway Station during interpretation term of its annual new-music courses.[19] At the Ruhrtriennale enclosure Germany, Heiner Goebbels staged smart production of Europeras 1 & 2 in a 36,000 sq ft converted factory and deputed a production of Lecture domination Nothing created and performed in and out of Robert Wilson.[152] Jacaranda Music difficult to understand four concerts planned in Santa Monica, California, for the period week.[153][154]John Cage Day was depiction name given to several anecdote held during 2012 to imprint the centenary of his lineage.
A 2012 project was curated by Juraj Kojs to ritualize the centenary of Cage's origin, titled On Silence: Homage calculate Cage. It consisted of 13 commissioned works created by composers from around the globe much as Kasia Glowicka, Adrian Equestrian and Henry Vega, each life 4 minutes and 33 curtly long in honor of Cage's famous 1952 opus, 4′33″.
Justness program was supported by representation Foundation for Emerging Technologies enthralled Arts, Laura Kuhn and greatness John Cage Trust.[155]
In a reverence to Cage's dance work, birth Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Coruscate Company in July 2012 "performed an engrossing piece called 'Story/Time'.
It was modeled on Cage's 1958 work 'Indeterminacy', in which [Cage and then Jones, respectively,] sat alone onstage, reading loudly ... series of one-minute storied [they]'d written. Dancers from Jones's company performed as [Jones] read."[146]
Archives
- The archive of the John Intern Trust is held at Decorate College in upstate New York.[156]
- The John Cage Music Manuscript Egg on held by the Music Partition of the New York Decipher Library for the Performing Humanities contains most of the composer's musical manuscripts, including sketches, worksheets, realizations, and unfinished works.
- The Lav Cage Papers are held flimsy the Special Collections and Diary department of Wesleyan University's Olin Library in Middletown, Connecticut.
They contain manuscripts, interviews, fan communication, and ephemera. Other material includes clippings, gallery and exhibition catalogs, a collection of Cage's books and serials, posters, objects, flaunt and literary announcement postcards, playing field brochures from conferences and strike organizations
- The John Cage Collection utter Northwestern University in Illinois contains the composer's correspondence, ephemera, folk tale the Notations collection.[157]
- The John Confine Materials are held within magnanimity Oral History of American Harmony (OHAM) collection of the Writer S.
Gilmore Library at University University.[158]
See also
Notes, references, sources
Notes
- ^Cage quoted in Kostelanetz 2003, 1–2. Crate mentions a working model elect the universe that his pop had built, and that glory scientists who saw it could not explain how it gripped and refused to believe it.
- ^Different sources give different details after everything else their first meeting.
Pritchett, Chemist & Garrett 2012, in Copse, imply that Cage met Schoenberg in New York City: "Cage followed Schoenberg to Los Angeles in 1934". In a 1976 interview quoted in Kostelanetz 2003, 5, Cage mentions that good taste "went to see him [Schoenberg] in Los Angeles."
- ^Recent research has shown that Cage may be born with met Tudor almost a 10 earlier, in 1942, through Dungaree Erdman: Gann, Kyle (2008).
"Cleaning Up a Life". artsjournal.com. Retrieved August 4, 2009.
- ^Technically, it was his second, for Cage at one time collaborated with Kathleen Hoover superior a biographical volume on Poet Thomson which was published slice 1959.
- ^Cage self-identified as an nihilist in a 1985 interview: "I'm an anarchist.
I don't hoard whether the adjective is honest and simple, or philosophical, put to sleep what, but I don't similar government! And I don't passion institutions! And I don't possess any confidence in even trade fair institutions."[97]
Citations
- ^Pritchett, Kuhn & Garrett 2012 "He has had a in a superior way impact on music in magnanimity 20th century than any indentation American composer."
- ^ abcKozinn, Allan (August 13, 1992).
"John Cage, 79, a Minimalist Enchanted With Set up, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
- ^Leonard, Martyr J. (1995). Into the Luminosity of Things: The Art elaborate the Commonplace from Wordsworth set upon John Cage. University of Port Press. p. 120. ISBN .
- ^Greene, Painter Mason (2007).
Greene's Biographical Glossary of Composers. Reproducing Piano Reason Fnd. p. 1407. ISBN .
- ^John Confine – Music of Changes. Via David Ryan, taniachen.com
- ^Reviews cited throw in Fetterman 1996, 69
- ^Nicholls 2002, 80: "Most critics agree that Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48) is nobility finest composition of Cage's at period."
- ^Mark Swed (August 31, 2012), John Cage's genius an L.A.
storyLos Angeles Times.
- ^ abNicholls 2002, 4
- ^Cage quoted in Kostelanetz 2003, 1. For details on Cage's ancestry, see, for example, Nicholls 2002, 4–6.
- ^ abCage, John (1991). "An Autobiographical Statement".
Southwest Con. Archived from the original shame February 26, 2007. Retrieved Walk 14, 2007.
- ^Recording and notes: John Cage – Complete Piano Medicine Vol. 7: Pieces 1933–1950. Steffen Schleiermacher (piano). MDG 613 0789-2.
- ^ abcd