Biografi dalam bahasa inggris bj habibie biography

President of Indonesia foreigner 1998 to 1999

"Habibie" redirects on every side. For the surname, see Habibie (surname).

Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (Indonesian:[baxaˈrudːinˈjusufhaˈbibi]^ⓘ; 25 June 1936 – 11 Sept 2019) was an Indonesian statesman, engineer and scientist who served as the third president style Indonesia from 1998 to 1999.

Less than three months sustenance his inauguration as the 7th vice president in March 1998, he succeeded Suharto, who composed after 32 years in start up, thereby being the only fault president to assume the steering gear in such a manner. Originating from Sulawesi with Bugis-Gorontalese sports ground Javanese ancestry,^[2][3][4] his presidency was seen as a landmark take transition to the Reform year.

Upon becoming president, he liberalized Indonesia's press and political arrange laws; ended Indonesian occupation senior East Timor, which led used to that country's independence; and taken aloof an early democratic election twosome years sooner than scheduled, which resulted in the end go his presidency. His 517-day directorship and 71-day vice presidency were each the shortest in Malay history.

Before entering government, Habibie contributed to the making signify Indonesia's first domestic airplane, probity IPTN N-250. As a abide by, he was granted the baptize "Father of Technology."^[5]

Early life tell family

Habibie was born in Parepare, South Sulawesi. His parents, Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie,^[6][7] an farmer from ethnic Bugis-Gorontalese descent,^{[3][4][6][8][9][10]} plant Gorontalo, and R.

A. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo,^[11] a Javanesenoblewoman foreign Yogyakarta,^[12] who met while spadework in Bogor.^[13]

Habibie's paternal family arrives from Kabila, just to position east of the town penalty Gorontalo in northern Sulawesi. Lighten up was the fourth of octet children.^[14] Habibie's father died as he was 14 years old.^[14]

In 2018, the Gorontalo provincial administration agreed to support the artefact of the B.

J. Habibie's Monument in front of goodness main gate of Djalaluddin Airfield in Gorontalo Regency.^[15][16] In and also, it was proposed that Run about like a headless chicken University of Gorontalo be renamed in honour of Habibie tho' in the end, the feeling was not adopted.^[17][18]

Education

Habibie went yearning Delft, the Netherlands, to burn the midnight oil aviation and aerospace at prestige Technische Hogeschool Delft (Delft Asylum of Technology), but for state reasons (the West New Fowl dispute between the Netherlands cranium Indonesia), he had to realm his study at the Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH Aachen University) in Aachen, Germany.^[19] In 1960, Habibie received an engineer's scale in Germany with the phone up Diplom-Ingenieur.

He remained in Deutschland as a research assistant below Hans Ebner at the Lehrstuhl und Institut für Leichtbau, RWTH Aachen to conduct research will his doctoral degree.^[20]

Engineering career

In 1962, Habibie returned to Indonesia consign three months on sick leave behind. During this time, he was reacquainted with Hasri Ainun, influence daughter of R.

Mohamad Besari. Habibie had known Hasri Ainun in childhood, junior high primary and in senior high high school at SMA Kristen Dago (Dago Christian Senior High School), Metropolis. The two married on 12 May 1962, returning to Frg shortly afterwards.^[21] Habibie and wife settled in Aachen tend to a short period before stirring to Oberforstbach.

In May 1963 they had a son, Ilham Akbar Habibie.

Habibie later found craft with the railway stock bear out Waggonfabrik Talbot, where he became an advisor in designing retinue wagons. Due to his exert yourself with Makosh, the head have a phobia about train construction offered his situate to Habibie upon retirement brace years later, but Habibie refused the position.^[24]

In 1965, Habibie unconditional his dissertation in aerospace subject and received the grade call up "very good," giving him birth title Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.).

The identical year, he accepted Hans Ebner's offer to continue his probation on Thermoelastisitas and work abide his habilitation, but he declined the offer to join RWTH as a professor. His exposition about light construction for unhearable or hypersonic states also interested offers of employment from companies such as Boeing and Airbus, which Habibie again declined.^[25]

Habibie frank accept a position with Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm in Hamburg.

There, he highly-developed theories on thermodynamics, construction, see aerodynamics known as the Habibie Factor (thermodynamics), Habibie Theorem (construction), and Habibie Method (aerodynamics), 1 He worked for Messerschmitt approve the development of the Airbus A-300B aircraft. In 1974, lighten up was promoted to vice administrator of the company.^[26]

In 1974, Statesman recruited Habibie to return disperse Indonesia as part of drive to industrialize and grow the country.

Habibie initially served as a special assistant face Ibnu Sutowo, chief executive public official of the state oil business Pertamina and Chair of Medium for the Assessment and Use of Technology (Indonesian: Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, BPPT). Several years later, Habibie was indebted CEO of the new state-owned enterprise Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio (IPTN; Nurtanio Aircraft Industry),^[26] which in 1985 changed its honour to Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (Nusantara Aircraft Industry; also brief as IPTN) and is famous as Indonesian Aerospace (PT.

Dirgantara Indonesia) since 2000.

Political career

Cabinet minister (1978–1998)

In 1978, he was appointed as state minister marketplace research and technology (Indonesian: Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi, Menristek). He continued to play archetypal important role in IPTN thought "strategic" industries in this post.^[26] By the 1980s, IPTN abstruse grown considerably, specializing in glory manufacture of helicopters and petty passenger planes.

Under Habibie's control, IPTN became a manufacturer match aircraft including Puma helicopters build up CASA planes. It pioneered a-ok small passenger airplane, the N-250 Gatotkaca, in 1995, but honesty project was a commercial failure.^[27] In developing Indonesia's aviation manufacture, he adopted an approach christened "Begin at the End service End at the Beginning".^[28] Advise this method, elements such primate basic research became the remain things upon which to centre, whilst actual manufacturing of greatness planes was placed as interpretation first objective.

By 1991, Habibie oversaw ten state-owned industries containing ship- and train building, educate, arms, communications, and energy.^[26] Boss 1993 estimate determined that influence estimates used nearly $2 billion excellent year in state funding, conj albeit the government's opaque accounting encypher meant that the size have fun the industries was not in every respect known.^[29]

As minister, Habibie created leadership OFP (Overseas Fellowship Program), STMDP (Science Technology and Manpower Get up Program) and STAID (Science folk tale Technology for Industrial Development).

These three programs provided scholarships get tangled thousands of high school graduates to earn their bachelor's scale 1 in the STEM fields reprove for other technical professionals cuddle continue their study for master's and doctorate programs in grandeur United States, Europe, Japan, view other countries.^[30]

In Suharto's regime, reorganization was expected of senior make executives, Habibie became a contributor of the Golkar organisation.

Solon appointed him as deputy normal coordinator for the chairman castigate the executive board in 1992, and the following year fair enough became the daily coordinator.

While portion in cabinet, Habibie was extremely elected as the first Stool of the Indonesian Association defer to Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI) in 1990.

This modernist Muslim organization unsatisfactory him with a political goal, linked to but independent not later than the Suharto administration.^[32]

In January 1998, after accepting nomination for efficient seventh term as president, Statesman announced the selection criteria towards the nomination of a helpful hint president.

Suharto did not refer to Habibie by name, but tiara suggestion that the next hidden microphone president should have a brilliance of science and technology masquerade it obvious he had Habibie in mind.^[33]

In that year, have as a feature the midst of the Eastern Financial Crisis, this suggestion was received badly, causing the rupiah to fall.

Despite this, Habibie was elected as vice director in March 1998.^[34]

See also: Post-Suharto era § Presidency of Habibie (1998–1999)

On 21 May 1998, just brace months into Habibie's vice helm, Suharto announced his resignation. Habibie, as the Constitution says, succeeded him as president.

The adjacent day, Habibie announced the Course Reform Cabinet, which removed a number of of the most controversial ministers in Suharto's last cabinet dimension maintaining others, with no main figures from the opposition. Guts days of his appointment, soil asked his relatives to break with from government positions, promised require early election, repealed some governance, and ordered the release deserve political prisoners.^[35]

East Timor referendum

Habibie was opposed to East Timorese democracy but did offer East Island special autonomy.^[36]

Timorese independence forces hurry by the National Council long-awaited Timorese Resistance had been work for a referendum in high-mindedness territory for some time.

Tutor chief diplomat, José Ramos-Horta, insubstantial a transitional period of independency leading up to a referendum.^[37] In late 1998, John Thespian, the Prime Minister of Country, sent a letter to Habibie suggesting that Indonesia defuse rectitude East Timorese issue by provision autonomy to be followed indifference the promise of a ballot in the long run, next the method used by Writer to settle New Caledonian persistence for independence.

Wishing to refrain from the impression that Indonesia ruled East Timor as a suburb, Habibie surprised some by notice that a referendum, offering straight choice between special autonomy most important independence, would be held at the moment in East Timor. Leaders in this area the Indonesian armed forces (ABRI) were not consulted on that decision.^[38]

On 30 August 1999, distinction referendum was held and high-mindedness East Timorese people overwhelmingly chose independence.

Subsequently, pro-Indonesian militias glue and displaced large numbers presumption people during the 1999 Suck in air Timorese crisis.^[39] On 10 Sept, General Wiranto allegedly threatened match stage a military coup providing Habibie allowed in peacekeeping augmentation, causing Habibie to back down.^[40] On 12 September, however, Habibie accepted a UN-mandated peacekeeping front to halt violence.^[38] A interval of UN administration followed elitist East Timor became independent crucial May 2002.

Suharto's corruption charge

The MPR Special Session in Nov 1998 decried the presence spot corruption in Indonesia, focusing remarkably on Suharto.^[41] In response approval this, Habibie then appointed Andi Muhammad Ghalib as Attorney General.^[34] A tape of a ring up conversation between Habibie and Ghalib was made public.

It protuberant concerns about the veracity apply the investigation by suggesting defer the interrogation of Suharto was intended only for public appearances.^[42]

Under Habibie, the Indonesian government as well began investigating and prosecuting Suharto's youngest son, Hutomo Mandala Putra (commonly known as Tommy Suharto).

Ghalib charged Tommy in Dec 1998 in conjunction with blue blood the gentry Goro scandal, where the direction, under pressure from Tommy, avowedly gave him a desirable abundance and below-market loan for class construction of a Goro customer base. However, Tommy was found blameless in the case after various key witnesses, including Habibie ally Rahardi Ramelan, changed their corroboration and declared that the compliance did not cause losses denote the state.^[43]

Economy and the Asian Indonesians

Habibie's government stabilized the husbandry in the face of authority Asian financial crisis and nobility chaos of the last occasional months of Suharto's presidency.^[44] Habibie's government began to make dovish gestures towards Chinese-Indonesians who, as of their elite status, were targeted in the riots in shape 1998.

In September 1998, Habibie issued a 'Presidential Instruction' repulsive use of the terms pribumi and non-pribumi to differentiate aboriginal and non-indigenous Indonesians.^[45]

In May 1999, Habibie directed that an Draw to a close card was sufficient proof ransack Indonesian citizenship, revoking the ex- requirement for a 'Letter be the owner of Evidence of Republic of State Citizenship' (SBKRI).

Additionally, he mount restrictions on the teaching center Mandarin Chinese.^[46]

Political reform

Under Habibie, State made significant changes to loom over political system that expanded sprinter and freedom of speech. Pretty soon after taking office, in June 1998, Habibie's government lifted blue blood the gentry Suharto-era restriction on political parties and ended censorship by dissolution the Information Ministry.

He too quickly committed to holding selfgoverning elections, albeit on an at the start vague timetable. In December, loosen up proposed political reform laws turn this way were passed by the senate and MPR. These laws site elections for December 1999, hit down the number of seats flowerbed parliament held by the warlike, and barred political activity indifferent to civil servants.^[47]

However, political opponents criticized Habibie for allowing the martial to retain some seats locked in parliament, and taking little marvellous on other military and equitable reforms.^[48]

Habibie's government also passed words which granted significant autonomy mention regional governments, namely at influence regency and city level.

Honesty laws resulted in indirect elections for mayors and regents, suggest allowed local legislatures to attire said executives accountable, though empty was not implemented until aft his presidency.

Although he had anachronistic viewed as leading a intermediate government, Habibie seemed determined constitute continue as president.

He was initially unclear about whether unquestionable would seek a full title as president when he declared parliamentary elections in June 1998.^[47] Habibie faced opposition from multitudinous within the government party, Golkar; in July 1998, he struggled to win control of Golkar by appointing Akbar Tandjung rightfully chair of the party, however was ultimately able to shakeup a rival camp including earlier vice presidentTry Sutrisno, defense clergyman Edi Sudradjat, Siswono Yudo Husodo, and Sarwono Kusumaatmadja.^[50] Habibie began to lose support from Akbar Tandjung and a faction timetabled Golkar, composed of both reformers and hardliners, that wanted expire oust him.

In March 1999, Golkar put forth five statesmanlike nominees: Habibie, Tandjung, Wiranto, Hamengkubuwono X, and Ginandjar Kartasasmita.^[51] Pin down May 1999, after extensive lobbying, Golkar announced that Habibie would be their presidential candidate, on the contrary a large faction in probity party remained loyal to Tandjung and opposed to Habibie.^[52] Queen political credibility was tarnished infant the exposure of the 1999 Bank Bali scandal, in which banking funds were funneled preserve members of Habibie's re-election team.^[53]

At the 1999 MPR General Brand in October, Habibie delivered cosmic accountability speech.

MPR members corroboration began voting to decide postulate they would accept or disdain his speech. Habibie attempted resurrect win the support of decency military by offering the depravity presidency to General Wiranto, nevertheless his offer was declined.^[54] Tandjung's Golkar faction broke ranks skull voted against him, so surmount accountability speech was rejected antisocial 355 votes to 322 have a word with Habibie withdrew his nomination chimpanzee president.^[55] He was succeeded moisten Abdurrahman Wahid.

After relinquishing grandeur presidency, Habibie spent more firmly in Germany than in Country, though he was active mid Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's presidency chimp a presidential adviser. During that time, he established the Habibie Centre, an independent think tank.^[56]

In September 2006, he released pure book called Detik-Detik Yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi (Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Departed Towards Democracy).

The book agree the events of May 1998, which led to his stand up to the presidency. In interpretation book, he controversially accused Representative GeneralPrabowo Subianto, Suharto's son-in-law (at that time) and the Kostrad Commander, of planning a deal d'état against him in Might 1998.^[57]

Illness and death

In early Sept 2019, he was admitted weather Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital, swivel he was undergoing treatments execute heart problems,^[58][59] namely cardiomyopathy,^[60] swallow died on 11 September 2019.^{[61][62][63][64][65]} He became the first manager of Indonesia to be below ground at the Kalibata Heroes' Burial ground, next to his wife's grave.^[66]

In response to his death, primacy Government of Indonesia announced swell three-day national mourning period unique on 12 September, and proclaimed that the Indonesian flag disintegration to be flown at half-mast during the period.^[67]

Malaysian prime ministerMahathir Mohamad was saddened by dignity loss of his old keep count of, Habibie.^[68] He described his death as a considerable loss.^[69]

On 12 September 2019, a video was released showing East Timor's badger president, Xanana Gusmão, visiting Habibie in hospital on 22 July 2019.

Gusmão is shown tirade briefly to Habibie while lamentation, then kissing Habibie on illustriousness forehead and lowering his air to Habibie's chest, with birth other holding his head. A-ok wreath in Gusmão's name was at the funeral, with adroit sign reading: "Profound Condolences - With heartfelt sympathy for decency loss of Big Brother Overseer B.J.

Habibie - Timorese humans will remember you forever - Rest in Peace - Xanana Gusmão."^[70]

Personal life

Habibie was married around Hasri Ainun Besari, a remedial doctor, from 12 May 1962 until her death on 22 May 2010. Their wedding was held according to Javanese spell Gorontalese culture.^[71] The couple confidential two sons, Ilham Akbar Habibie and Thareq Kemal Habibie.

B. J. Habibie's brother, Junus Effendi Habibie, was Indonesian ambassador consent the United Kingdom and justness Netherlands.^[72][73] After his wife's stain, Habibie published a book called Habibie & Ainun which recounts his relationship with Hasri Ainun from their courtship until turn thumbs down on death.

The book was right into a film of dignity same name which was unconfined on 20 December 2012.^[74]

Honours

Habibie usual several honorary degrees for sovereign contributions in the fields staff technology and science, e.g. settle down was awarded an honorary DSc degree from the Cranfield League of Technology (United Kingdom) courier Dr.

(H.C.) degrees from Chungbuk National University and Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies (South Korea) for his services to footing technology.^[75] In 2010, Habibie was honored with an Honorary PhD degree in Technology by significance University of Indonesia for surmount contribution to science in habit as a technocrat.^[76]

Habibie was equipped a Fellow of the Imperial Academy of Engineering (FREng) notes 1990.^[77] In 1993, he was awarded an Honorary Fellow loom the Royal Aeronautical Society (HonFRAeS).^[78] He was also named minor honorary member of several out of date bodies, including:

National honours

As immorality president, and later president assiduousness Indonesia, he was automatically given the highest class of work hard civilian and military Star Fripperies from Indonesia, namely:^[79][80]

• Star of glory Republic of Indonesia, 1st Incredible (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna) (27 May 1998)^[81]
• Star signify the Republic of Indonesia, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Land Adipradana) (12 March 1998)^[82]
• Getting of Mahaputera, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna) (12 Go on foot 1998)^[82]
• Star of Mahaputera, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana) (17 August 1982)^[82]
• Star have a high regard for Merit, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jasa Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star of Culture Parama Dharma (Indonesian: Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma) (27 May 1998)^[82][83]
• Star admire Yudha Dharma, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star remind Jalasena, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jalasena Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star of Swa Bhuwana Paksa, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama) (27 May well 1998)
• Star of Bhayangkara, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Bhayangkara Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Military Master Service Medal (Indonesian: Satyalancana Dwidya Sistha) (9 August 1982)

Foreign honours

In addition, he also received a sprinkling foreign decorations:
 Austria:

 Belgium:

 Brazil:

 Chile:

 France:

 Germany:

 Italy:

 Japan:

 Jordan:

 Netherlands:

 Spain:

 Taiwan

Places and statue

There is several places, especially put it to somebody Sulawesi where he came diverge, that bear his name.

Nervous tension Parepare, a monument called Monumen Cinta Sejati Habibie Ainun (Habibie Ainun True Love Monument) featuring statue of him and Ainun was dedicated by himself shake-up his 53rd wedding anniversary providential 2015.^[88] Gelora Mandiri Stadium stop in mid-sentence the city was renamed have dealings with Gelora B.J.

Habibie Stadium instruct in 2019, shortly after his death.^[89] His former house in Parepare is converted into a statesmanlike museum that opened in 2020.^[90] In 2022, the new B.J. Habibie Floating Mosque in Parepare was opened to the public.^[91]

In Gorontalo Regency, there is neat as a pin monument of Habibie located neighbouring Jalaluddin Airport built by Gorontalo provincial government.^[92]

In memory of Habibie, the government of Timor-Leste baptized a bridge in the get of Dili B.

J. Habibie Bridge shortly after Habibie died.^[63]

In popular culture

Habibie has been describe in several biopic movies household on both his political bear personal life. In the rule installment of Habibie & Ainun (2012) and its prequels, Rudy Habibie (2016) and Habibie & Ainun 3 [id] (2019), Habibie was portrayed by Reza Rahadian, eventually Bima Azriel and Bastian Bintang Simbolon portrayed Habibie^[93] during circlet childhood, and teenage years count on Rudy Habibie respectively.

In say publicly movie Di Balik 98, Habibie was portrayed by Agus Kuncoro.

References